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Kabukimono were groups of flamboyant rogues mainly comprised of increasingly bored samurai from the Keichō era (1596 to 1615). Kabukimono is often translated into English as ‘strange things’ or ‘the crazy ones’, believed to be derived from kabuku meaning ‘to slant’ or ‘to deviate’. Most were young men on the fringes of the samurai class. Many were younger sons who were not in line to inherit, while others were low-ranking samurai, servants, or ronin. As a sort of proto-punk movement, the Kabukimono refused to behave by society’s rules. They defected from their masters and chose to dress and act with passion and reckless abandon.
They were noted for wearing loud, gaudy kimono and otherwise violating fashion norms (some wore women’s kimono), engaging in wild behavior, including loud conversation, and singing, dancing, and brawling in the streets. Some of their stylistic features included hair grown long but not held up in a topknot, daring hairstyles, colorful and patterned garments combined with elements of European clothing, decorated and unusually large swords.
Their outlandish and excessive attitude was reflected in their outlook on life, considering their existence to have reached its apex by the age of 25 (an etching on a sword from this period, states "have lived too long at 25 ").
In 1615, the shogunate explicitly banned a number of behaviors and modes of dress in an effort to crack down on the Kabukimono who were perceived as disruptive. In addition to their loud activities on the streets, they threatenened societal norms by often demonstrating stronger loyalty to one another than to their actual samurai masters or families. The kabukimono phenomenon likely died out around the end of the 17th century. A roundup of two hundred members of a gang known as the “Greater and Lesser Gods,” and the execution of eleven of its leaders in 1686 is described as being the last major action against the movement.