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Originally Posted by
Greggers 
So let's say you're a male in your 30s and you're looking to increase both muscle size and strength. To the best of your knowledge:
1. Which is a more effective way of organizing your workouts: full body, or split days.
Assuming you're a novice, there's a book called STARTING STRENGTH by Mark Rippetoe that outines several ideas on effective weight training, and it addresses several of these common questions. And because I'm not a complete dick, I'll take a stab at answering them for you.
Rippetoe suggests that beginners alternate between two "full body" workouts of different compound exercises, advocating building a foundation of strength from which to use in later, more complex training. These workouts are performed 3 times a week, and never on consecutive days.
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2. What is the most effect amount of sets per exercise? What is the most effective amount of reps per set?
According to Rippetoe, this can vary depending on the exercise. But
generally speaking, for beginners, we're looking at 3 work sets of 5 reps.
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3. What is the optimal rest period between sets?
As long as you need. Weight-on-the-bar and finishing your sets is more important than heart rate. As you get more advanced this will probably be from 2-3 min, but it's best not to overthink it.
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4. What is the optimal duration of the workout?
The duration of the beginning workouts that Rippetoe describes last about 20-30 minutes.
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5. How many days of rest can be taken between exercising a muscle before strength actually decreases?
This is essentially a non-issue, but Rippetoe is a strong advocate of consistency. As a beginner, don't take more days off that prescribed, and the volume is light enough that this shouldn't be a problem.
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6. Should you train to failure with every exercise at each workout?
If you're a beginner, no. If you're more advanced, it should be used judiciously.
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Bonus question:
7. Is there a question here that should be asked that I've neglected?
There is an issue of goals and "programming." As a beginner, you should be aiming for workout-to-workout progression, and Rippetoe's ideas address that.
But of course, Rippetoe is one guy amongst many who claim to know the answers, and each have their devotees and evidence to support their theories, so caveat emptor. For more information, you should actually read his book, or for a quick and dirty overview (and what I used to answer these questions), you can check out
this page.
That should be enough to get on base.